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Adaptive mutation
Adaptive mutation is a controversial evolutionary theory. It posits that mutations, or genetic changes, are much less random and more purposeful than traditional evolution. There have been a wide variety of experiments trying to prove (or disprove) the idea of adaptive mutation, at least in microorganisms.
==Definition==
The most widely accepted theory of evolution states that organisms will diversify based on natural selection where changes caused by mutations improve the organism's chance of survival. Adaptive mutation states that rather than mutations and evolution being random, they are in response to specific stresses. In other words, the mutations that occur are more beneficial and specific to the given stress, instead of random and not a response to anything in particular. It should be noted that the term stress refers to any change in environment, such as temperature, nutrients, population size, etc. Tests with microorganisms have found that for adaptive mutation, more of the mutations observed after a given stress were effective at dealing with the stress than chance alone would suggest is possible.〔Foster, P.L. 1993. Adaptive mutation: The uses of adversity. Annu Rev Microbiol. 47: 467-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989722/〕〔Sniegowski, P.D., R.E. Lenski. 1995. Mutation and adaptation: The directed mutation controversy in evolutionary perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 26:553-578. http://0-www.jstor.org.books.redlands.edu/stable/2097219.〕 This theory of adaptive mutation was first brought to academic attention in the 1980s by John Cairns.〔Cairns J, Overbaugh J, Miller S. The origin of mutants. Nature (London) 1988;335:142–45. ()〕
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